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Black pioneers
- 1. Black Pioneers of Science Emily Scott Barneman Taken from the book: Black Pioneers of Science and Invention By: Louis Haber
- 2. Benjamin Banneker1731-1806 Wooden Clock Almanac Washington D.C. Solar Eclipse Benjamin Banneker himself >> Benjamin’s almanac << Benjamin’s first wooden clock >>
- 3. Norbert Rillieux1806-1894 Vacuum Pan Norbert Rillieux >> << Two of Norbert’s different vacuum pan patents >>
- 4. Jan EarnstMatzeliger1852-1889 Shoe Lasting Machine Jan Matzeliger >> << Two different drawings of Jan’s Show lasting machine >> Someone using the shoe lasting machines ^^
- 5. Elijah McCoy1844-1929 The Father of Lubrication Elijah McCoy >> Locomotive that he used his lubrication system on. << Elijah’s automatic Lubricator >>
- 6. Granville T. Woods 1856-1910 “Black Edison” “Telegraphony” Egg Incubator Electromechanical Brake Telephone Transmitter Relay Instrument And many many more << Granville Woods Granville’s Amusement Apparatus >>
- 7. Lewis Howard Latimer1848-1928 Water Closet for Railroads “Process of Manufacturing Carbons” “Process of Manufacturing Carbons << ^^ Lewis’s Water Closet For Railroads Lewis Latimer >>
- 8. Garrett A. Morgan1877-1963 Safety Hood Smoke Protector Morgan Traffic Signal Garrett Morgan >> The Morgan Traffic Signal << >> << Garrett’s Safety Hood (Gas Mask)
- 9. George Washington Carver1860-1943 Peanut Products Sweet Potato Products George Carver >> Carver working some of his ^^ products. <<
- 10. Percy Lavon Julian1899-1975 Steroids Testosterone Plant Sterols Progesterone Cortisone ^^ Percy Julian working in his ^^ Chemistry lab <<
- 11. Lloyd A. Hall1894-1971 Food Preservations Lloyd A. Hall << << Meat curing Preservatives using spices ^^ Where Lloyd worked for the Last 34 years of his life ^^
- 12. Ernest Evertt Just1883-1941 Biology Cells Zoology Ernest working in the lab ^^ One of Ernest’s Books ^^ Ernest Evertt Just <<
- 13. Daniel Hale Williams1856-1931 First African American Cardiologist Provident Hospital One of Dr. Williams Patients >> Provident Hospital << Daniel Hale Williams >>
- 14. Louis Tompkins Wright1891-1952 Small pox Vaccination Louis Wright ^^ Harlem Hospital in New York ^^ Small Pox Vaccination >>>
- 15. Charles Richard Drew1904-1950 Blood for Britain Preservation of Blood Charles Richard Drew ^^ Charles was the pioneer In preserving blood << A bridge in Washington D.C. Dedicated to Charles <<
Editor's Notes
- Benjamin Banneker was born in 1731 in a farm outside of Baltimore, Maryland. He was born to a mother that was a free woman and a father that was a slave. Because of his mother being freed, Benjamin was also free. When Benjamin was twelve a Quaker moved in next door and opened a school for all boys. Benjamin was allowed to enter, and was the only black student at the school. Benjamin helped with chores around the farm and one day on a trip to see the tobacco crop he met a man named Josef Levi. Josef showed Benjamin his pocket watch and saw how fascinated that Benjamin was with it, so he let him go home with it. He took it apart and put it back together and decided to make his own clock out of wood. It took two years, and he built it entirely out of wood. It was the first clock in the United States. After studying astronomy Benjamin predicted the next solar eclipse. Then Benjamin created an almanac which he created for the next five years. Then his last large feat he was on the committee to move the capital from Philadelphia to what is now Washington D.C. Then on October 25, 1806 Benjamin died.
- On the seventeenth of March in 1806 Norbert Rillieux was born to a plantation owner and one of his slaves. He was born in New Orleans as a free man because of his fathers position. He went to L’EcoleCentrale and became a great engineer, and later became an instructor at that very school. He published papers on steam engine and steam economy as well as the theory of multiple effect evaporation. He tried many different models of his vacuum pan until finally he made one in 1845 that was a success and it revolutionized the sugar industry. After this the civil war was approaching, and there were many restrictions starting, so Norbert decided to leave Louisiana and go back to Paris, where he gave up on engineering and studied Egyptology and the deciphering of hieroglyphics. Then in 1894 he died at the age of 89 on October 8th.
- Jan Matzeliger was born on September 15, 1852 in Paramaribo, Surinam to a mother that was a native and a father that was a Dutch engineer there for work. He became an educated man that was a part of a wealthy family in Holland. When Jan was ten he went to work in the government machine shops as an apprentice. Then when he turned nineteen he became a sailor on an East Indian merchant shop and did work there for about two years, After that he left the ship and settled in Philadelphia and was there for about a year or two working odd jobs in the city. From Philadelphia he went to Boston for about a year and then moved to Lynn, Massachusetts where he spent the rest of his life. At that time Lynn was responsible for more than half of the shoes in the United States. Jan was able to secure a job with Harney Brothers where he became very familiar with the machines and the industry. There were many machines that helped with the making of shoes, there was not yet a machine that connected the upper part of the shoes to the soles, this always had to be done by hand. After six months of working on a model he made a rough model of what became the final draft. His final draft did not come until March 20, 1883 when patent 274,207 was granted to him and he finally had finished the machine that could turn out a completed shoe. Not only did his invention make the shoes much faster to make, it also cut the price in half. Unfortunately all of those years of work had become to much for Jan and he came down with tuberculosis and dies August 24, 1889.
- Elijah McCoy was born on May, 2 1844 in Canada in Colchester, Ontario. He was there because both of his parents were runaway slaves from Kentucky. Later on in his life they moved back to the United States and ended up in Ypsilanti, Michigan. Elijah went to grammar school, and then moved to Edinburgh, Scotland to have an apprenticeship in mechanical engineering. After finishing that Elijah returned to the United States as a mechanical engineer. Regrettably because of his race he really couldn’t find a job, anyone hriring for a mechanical engineer were unwilling to hire him. So instead he found a job as a fireman on the Michigan central railroad. While he was working on the railroad, Elijah became very interested in the problems with lubricating the machines. In July 1972 Elijah made his first invention as an automatic lubricator. A year later he made an even better lubricator and factories all over the country started using his lubricating cups. Then finally he came up with another lubricator that fixed the problem with the trains and it was used on most of the railways, and steamers in the great lakes, this was in the late 1920’s.
- Granville was born in Columbus, Ohio on April 23, 1856. When he was ten years old he was forced to go to work instead of completing his elementary education. At that time her worked in a machine shop and picked up many skills. Then in 1872 when he was 16 he moved to Missouri where he worked as a fireman and engineer on the railroads. During his free time he studied books about electricity. After a long time of studying he took a course in electrical and mechanical engineering. With all of his studying and training he got a new job on the British Ship Ironsides. Then after that he got another job at Danville and Southern Railroad as an engineer. Then in 1881 he finally settled in Cincinnati, Ohio and opened up a factory that manufactured telephone, telegraph and electrical equipment. During this time he became interested in thermal power and patented his first patent from an improved steam boiler furnace. He also invented a telephone transmitter in that same year. Then a year later he patent another idea the “telegraphony”. It combined the telegraph with the telephone. Then in 1887 Granville invented the railway telegraphy which meant rains could send messages to each other. After this invention Granville organized his own company called the Woods Electric Company. Then in 1890 Granville moved to New York City to further his career. Here he made a system that made the lights at the theatre be able to dim up and down much easier and saving a lot of electricity at the same time. Then in 1888 he set up an overhead lighting system for the trains. Then a few more years down the road, Granville made a series of inventions that eventually became an automatic air brake. Granville had a number of inventions and then consist of: egg incubator heated by electricity (1890), relay instrument (1887), an electromechanical brake (1887), an electromagnetic brake apparatus (1887), a tunnel construction for electric railways (1888), a galvanic battery(1888), an automatic safety cut-out for electrical circuits (1889), and an amusement apparatus (1889).
- Lewis was born in Chelsea,Massachusettes on September 4, 1848, six years after his father had become free. When he was younger he sold The Liberator after school. When Lewis was ten his father left the family leaving his mom and four kids all by themselves. So instead of going to school he had to go to work and support his family. When he was 16 he enlisted in the naval service to be in the civil war. Lewis was honorably discharged in 1865 and he returned to Boston to find employment. He eventually found a job at a patent law firm and while working there became interested in drafting. Eventually he became good enough and the company promoted him to head draftsman. Then in 1874 he co patented a new toilet system for the railroads called a water closet. Then in 1876 he became employed for Alexander Graham Bell and was a draftsman at his patent law firm to draft the drawings for Bell’s telephone. Then in 1879 he moved to Connecticut and was hired as an assistant manager and draftsman for the United States Electric Lighting Company. The in January 1881 he received a patent for the “Process of Manufacturing Carbons” which was an improved way of producing carbon filaments for the light bulb. Then in 1884 Lewis was hired as a draftsman and expert witness in the patent of litigation on electric lights.
- Garrett A. Morgan was born in Paris, Kentucky on March 4, 1844. He received an elementary school education but after that received no other formal education. When he was fourteen he left home and went to Cincinnati Ohio where he worked as a general handyman. Then Garrett moved to Cleveland, Ohio where he spent the rest of his life. In 1907 Garrett opened up his own shop that sold and repaired sewing machines. Then in 1909 he opened up his own tailoring shop that made dresses, suits and coats. One day Garrett was experimenting with come solutions he wanted to use at the shop and stumbled upon an invention of hair straighter that is still produced today. Then in 1912, Garrett came out with a very important invention, a safety hood, know as the gas mask. The safety hood proved to work when a tunnel collapsed and was filled with toxic gasses, and Garrett and his brother used the safety hood to get everyone out alive. Then Garrett came up with his next invention in 1923, after seeing many accidents ruin many lives. He invented the traffic light. Then tragically in 1943 Garrett developed Glaucoma and lost ninety percent of his vision in 1943 and after two years of this illness he died at the age of 86 on July 27, 1963.
- George was born to slave parents in 1860 in Diamond Grove Missouri. When George was young there were no schools in the area for him to study at, so he was sent to Neosho in southwest Missouri where he studied in a one room classroom and worked as a farm hand. From there he went to Minneapolis high school in Kansas where he was accepted with a scholarship. Unfortunately there was a problem with the color of his skin when he first got to the school, so he worked very hard to get into another school. In 1887 he was accepted and attended Simpson College in Iowa. Then in 1891 he left Simpson College and went to Iowa Agricultural College. He graduated from Iowa Agriculture with a Bachelors of Science in 1894, and was given a position as soon as he graduated. He taught agriculture and bacterial botany while he was working on his graduated studies. Then in 1896 George received his masters degree in Agriculture and was starting to make discoveries in the field of plant pathology. He discovered a few types of fungi that were never before seen in the United States. The suddenly, George received a letter from the Tuskegee Normal and Industrial Institute for Negroes that they needed him there, so that is where he went and he spent most of his life there. When he went there George was made director of Agriculture. While there he studied peanuts for a little but, and in one week discovered about two dozen products that could be made from peanuts. Eventually he ended up with about 325 different products. Then after that he decided to focus on the sweet potato and found about 118 products that can be made from this. Then George moved on to the pecan which he found about seventy five different products from.
- Percy was born on April 11, 1899 to a family of six kids. Percy went to elementary school in Montgomery, Alabama then went to high school at the State Normal School for Negroes a private school in Montgomery. Then in 1916 he graduated and when to DePauw University in Indiana, where he was valedictorian of his class in 1920. After this he went to Fisk University to teach chemistry. Then two years later he won the Austin Fellowship in Chemistry at Harvard University, there he received he masters degree in 1923.Percy then got a job at West Virginia College for Negroes, but became very dissatisfied with their resources, so he left there and went to Howard University. Then in 1929 he got a fellowship from General Education Board to Vienna to receive his Ph. D. In 1931 he received his Ph. D. in organic chemistry and returned to Howard University. Percy became dissatisfied at Howard, so he moved to DePaw University where he continued his research of Physostigmine. In 1935 the first synthesis of physostigmine had been accomplished and congratulations poured in from all over the world. Percy then was offered a job at Glidden Company and director of research and he accepted the position in 1936. Percy had many other wonderful discoveries along the way unfortunately Percy died of cancer on April 19, 1975.
- Lloyd was born on June 20, 1894 in Elgin, Illinois. Later when Lloyd became older his parents moved to Aura Illinois where he went to East Side High and graduated in 1912. After this he went to Northwestern University and received his Bachelor’s of Science in Pharmaceutical Chemistry and then from there received his masters at the University of Chicago. At Northwestern University Lloyd met Carroll L. Griffith, whose father owned/founded Griffith Laboratories. Loyd started working there as the chief chemist. Then Lloyd interview for a job at the Western Electric Company but because of his skin color did not get the job. So he began to work for the Department of Health in Chicago as the chief chemist. Then during World War I Lloyd worked for the United States Ordnance Department where he was the Chief Inspector of Powder and Explosives. After the war Lloyd moved back to Chicago in 1925 and worked at Griffith Lavatories for the rest of his life. Here he made many discoveries, in 1934 the curing of meat and in 1938 the discovery of preserving food with spices. Lloyd then died on January 12, 1971.
- Ernest was from in August 14, 1883 in South Carolina. When he was four his father and grandfather both died and his mother became the only supposrter of the family. Ernest’s mother was hoping that her son would become a teacher so she sent his to an all black boarding school in Orangeburg (South Carolina) when he was 13. When he was 16 he started at Kimball Union Academy in Meriden, New Hampshire. When Ernest was there his mother died, however he still finished his program and graduated in 1903 with the best grades in the class. After that he went to Dartmouth College in New Hampshire to study, zoology, botany, history and sociology. When Ernest graduated from Dartmouth he had a hard time finding a job because of the color of his skin. However he was able to get a position at Howard University. In 1910 he was put in charge of the biology department and in 1912 he became head of the zoology department. During this time Ernest was introduced to Frank Lillie head of the biology department at the University of Chicago. In 1909, Frank asked Ernest to spend the summer at the Marine Biological Laboratory. After that first summer, Ernest spent almost every summer there until he died. Then in 1916 Ernest receive his Ph. D. in experimental embryology from the University of Chicago. Also in 1916 he conducted experiments at the zoological station in Naples, Italy. Then in 1933 Ernest stopped his work in Germany because the Nazis started to take control of the country. He authored two books:Basic Methods for Experiments on Eggs of Marine MammalsThe Biology of the Cell Surface. Then in 1941 Ernest became very ill and died.
- Daniel Williams was born in 1856 in Hoidaysbusrg, Pennsylvania. He lived with his father and mother who eventually moved to Annapolis, Maryland. When Daniel was 11 years old. Daniel was known for his cardiac surgery and was one of the first to perform one. He was the first surgeon to open the chest cavity and not have the patient die of infection. In 1891 Daniel started the Provident Hospital and training school for Nurses in Chicago, which was established mostly got African Americans. Then in 1893 Daniel was appointed surgeon in chief at Freedman’s Hospital in Washington D.C. Daniel also started another training school there for African American nurses. Daniel was a teacher it Meharry Medical College in Nashville and a surgeon at Cook County hospital in Chicago. In 1913 he became a charter member and the only African American in the American College of Surgeons. In 1931 Daniel died of a stroke in Idlewild, Michigan.
- Louis Wright was born in La Grange, Georgia on July 23, 1891. Louis received his bachelor’s degree from Clark Atlanta university in 1911. Then in 1915 he received his medical degree from Harvard. During World War I he introduced intradermal vaccination for small pox. When he came back home from the war he moved to New York and worked on the surgical staff at Harlem hospital. He worked at Harlem for 30 years and headed the team that was first to use Aureomycin. Louis also founded the hospitals cancer research center. Louis died in 1952 of tuberculosis.
- Charles Drew was born in Washington D.C. on June 3, 1904. Charles attended Meads Mill Elementary School and worked as a paper boy. In 1918 Charles attended Dunbar High school. In 1920 Charles’ sister died of tuberculosis, this is what made Charles deiced to study medicine in the first place. Charles received a partial scholarship to Amherst College because of his athletics. He graduated and then began to work at McGill University and Columbia University where he received his Ph.D. At Columbia Charles studied blood and blood transfusion. Charles made many achievements in the field of blood including Blood for Britain. Unfortunately Charles died in 1950 in a car accident.